Hot coronal gas, on the other hand, is present mainly where magnetic fields have trapped and concentrated it. Free interactive resources and activities for the classroom and home. However, the idea that the simplest light gases—hydrogen and helium—were the most abundant elements in stars was so unexpected and so shocking that she assumed her analysis of the data must be wrong. In all the situations we are familiar with, temperatures fall as one moves away from the source of heat, and the chromosphere is farther from the center of the Sun than the photosphere is. Observations with telescopes show that the photosphere has a mottled appearance, resembling grains of rice spilled on a dark tablecloth or a pot of boiling oatmeal. On this graph, temperature is shown increasing upward, and height above the photosphere is shown increasing to the right. If those “waters above” have a bottom side, they must have a top side. Thus, we know that the thickness of the 2nd heaven part of the three-part firmament begins with the Moon’s position between Perigee and Apogee and that it ends just beyond the last most distant “planet” (Pluto). Scientists study events like this in order to try to understand what heats the chromosphere and corona to high temperatures. We recommend using a Strong additional confirmation of this conclusion was seen in the verse from Gen. 1:7 (p. 3) where the Hebrew definition of “above” (… “from the waters which were above the firmament….”) prepares us for an inescapable conclusion about the final part of the Biblical structure of the universe. According to the latest observational evidence, ordinary matter, including stars, planets, dust and gas, only make up a tiny fraction of the universe (5%). The Sun’s outer gases extend far beyond the photosphere (Figure 15.7). The photosphere looks sharp only from a distance. The 10 most abundant gases in the Sun’s visible surface layer are listed in Table 15.2. The bright granules are columns of hotter gases rising at speeds of 2 to 3 kilometers per second from below the photosphere. Tour the universe from the Big Bang to planet Earth in this SPACE.com infographic series. Click here to view the discussion thread. But on a smoggy day in many cities, it can become opaque, which prevents us from seeing through it past a certain point. Genesis 1:20 And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament [expanse] of heaven. Just as bright city lights make it difficult to see faint starlight, so too does the intense light from the photosphere hide the faint light from the corona. Change ). All three Light sources are situated inside the Firmament/Heaven. At the time, she wrote, “The enormous abundance derived for these elements in the stellar atmosphere is almost certainly not real.” Even scientists sometimes find it hard to accept new ideas that do not agree with what everyone “knows” to be right. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit charitable corporation. In the seventeenth century, several observers described what appeared to them as a narrow red “streak” or “fringe” around the edge of the Moon during a brief instant after the Sun’s photosphere had been covered. At the bottom of the corona, there are only about 109 atoms per cubic centimeter, compared with about 1016 atoms per cubic centimeter in the upper photosphere and 1019 molecules per cubic centimeter at sea level in Earth’s atmosphere. The second part of the structure of the universe is the space–and its components (the atmosphere where birds fly, the clouds, magnetosphere, Van Allen Belt, ozone layer, etc. Scripturally, as we shall see, the stars are in the 3rd Heaven of the firmament. (Graphic descriptions of this and related schematics are given in the seventh essay…after all the written information and explanations have been furnished.). This was an important piece of supporting evidence for the Big Bang theory… (credit left: modification of work by Hinode JAXA/NASA/PPARC; credit right: ISP/SST/Oddbjorn Engvold, Jun Elin Wiik, Luc Rouppe van der Voort), Composite image showing the three components of the solar atmosphere: the photosphere or surface of the Sun taken in ordinary light; the chromosphere, imaged in the light of the strong red spectral line of hydrogen (H-alpha); and the corona as seen with X-rays. The smaller inner circle is where the Sun would be if it were visible in this image. This line had never been seen before, and so it was assumed that this line was the result of a new element found in the corona, quickly named coronium. SECOND, though we still don’t know how thick the entire Scriptural Firmament/Heaven is, we know that the distance from the 1st to the 2nd heaven is in the quarter-million mile range and the thickness of the 2nd heaven–which begins with the Moon and ends with the last “Planet” Pluto–is rounded off in the books at 3,670,000,000 miles. The photosphere is the layer where the Sun becomes opaque and marks the boundary past which we cannot see (Figure 15.5). However, Earth’s composition is quite different from that of the rest of the universe. This energy is in the form of photons, which make their way slowly toward the solar surface. The fourth part of the structure of the universe is the realm of the stars. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! As explained in Radiation and Spectra, we can use a star’s absorption line spectrum to determine what elements are present. Comment: The specific purpose of the different Lights (sun, moon, stars) is again stressed. ( Log Out / 

(credit: modification of work by NASA). Find lessons on Large-scale Structure and Composition of Universe for all grades. Dark matter: Matter not visible to us because it emits no radiation that we can observe, but it is detectable gravitationally. Also, even if MIDST means “between”, the firmament/heaven could be “against” the ‘waters above” as it is against the “waters below” and still be “between” the waters below and above, and thus also seem to accommodate the Scriptures on this point. Thus, regardless of speculations and interpretations, the six rudimentary Biblical facts about the structure of the universe given in Genesis I are: The Earth is the focal point of everything…the first created part of the structure of God’s Creation of the Universe. not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University. We will begin with the core and work our way out through the layers. It is a thick layer approximately 200,000 kilometers deep that transports energy from the edge of the radiative zone to the surface through giant convection cells, similar to a pot of boiling oatmeal.
The rest is the elusive dark matter (~25%) and dark energy(~70%). It was 3 years after her thesis that other studies proved beyond a doubt that the enormous abundance of hydrogen and helium in the Sun is indeed real.

The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book The hottest part of the solar atmosphere, which has a temperature of a million degrees or more, is called the corona. The motions of the granules can be studied by examining the Doppler shifts in the spectra of gases just above them (see The Doppler Effect).
As explained in Radiation and Spectra, we can use a star’s absorption line spectrum to determine what elements are present. This chart shows composition of the Universe. That distance is given as 3,670, 000,000 miles. This hypothetical type of energy, called dark energy, makes up 70 percent of the universe. about the universe should come from observation and experience. In many cases, the data obtained from different missions are complementary, and are

Also, Scripturally, we know there is yet another structural entity “above the stars” (Isaiah 14:13) but which is still located in the 3rd part of the firmament/heaven, being designated as the location of God’s Throne (II Cor. Its brighter parts can now be photographed with a special instrument—a coronagraph—that removes the Sun’s glare from the image with an occulting disk (a circular piece of material held so it is just in front of the Sun). All the other chemical elements (including those we know and love in our own bodies, such as carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen) make up only 2% of our star.

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