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That, to any intuitive understanding of how the world works, is distinctly odd. Second, that time – in the sense of causation, the process by which future events are produced from present events – is fundamental. Momentum, spin, position … these only make sense when we look hard enough at the particle. 0000018138 00000 n
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The chance that there's still a classical explanation is now one part in one hundred billion billion. 1. 0000009564 00000 n
More details need to be filled in. There are a … A new experiment using the wavelength of photons created more than 7.8 billion years ago makes that more unlikely than ever. Noticing you've only got the left one, the one you left behind spontaneously turns from a 'maybe right or left' into a 'definitely right'.
There are other deep questions. Attempts to do the obvious, and derive the second law from the first, have so far failed. There remains the question of what happens with systems of an intermediate size, whose causal pasts aren’t unique, but which might have an intermediate degree of causal relationship with things far away in space. 0000013062 00000 n
h�|�Iha���dfL'�dbG���V��:i��-�cT*�1������AF\Z,��xqKJ�G Quantum weirdness isn’t real – we’ve just got space and time all wrong. 0000003117 00000 n
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If there's a classical physics explanation for the phenomenon, it's extremely well hidden. Space is constructed from the web of causation between events, 5.
So is our perception of a flowing time real, or an illusion? 0000443418 00000 n
We have at least half a dozen ways to get part of the way across this divide, among them string theory and loop quantum gravity. MIKE MCRAE . 0000018380 00000 n
That gives a simple and elegant solution to the measurement problem. This says that when two-dimensional surfaces are defined in the emerging geometry of space-time, their area gives the maximum rate by which information can flow through them.
That comes from building energetic causal set models to answer the key question of which events interact. Quantum Weirdness Once Again Shows We're Not Living in a Computer Simulation . Maybe when we decide what to measure in a particle, there's some knock-on effect that just creates an illusion of a correlation between particle properties? Physicists have In the 1960s, an Irish physicist named John Stewart Bell came up with a set of proofs showing either quantum mechanics is wrong – which isn't likely – or it's correct, and there are indeed no hidden laws operating behind the scenes that could explain this strangeness. So why have so many physicists, from Albert Einstein onwards, taken the view that quantum theory is wrong? A fifth hypothesis is that energy and momentum are fundamental features of the universe, and are conserved in causal processes. Yet by the principle of similarity, they have a high probability of interacting with each other. If an event has a very simple recent causal past, there may be other simple events with similar pasts that aren’t necessarily nearby in the emergent space-time. Then there is the nature of the dark matter and dark energy that dominate the cosmos on a large scale, but which the standard model doesn’t mention. The sky – or the horizon of our sight more generally – is a snapshot of what we see at any one instant, a two-dimensional surface formed by photons of different colours, informing us of our relationships with the things around us. 0000006886 00000 n
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29 SEPTEMBER 2017 . 0000445614 00000 n
Causation doesn’t go backwards: events don’t “unhappen”, 4. Quantum theory, meanwhile, introduces entanglement, a phenomenon that allows objects to seemingly influence each other instantaneously over any distance.
Quantum physics isn't like that. 0000443665 00000 n
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Einstein notably believed that these blemishes indicated that quantum theory was wrong, and that a truer, deeper description of nature was out there. We call this the event’s sky because it functions rather like the sky above us does. Light from the other set course some 7.8 billion years ago. 0000460173 00000 n
For us, the closer we are in space or space-time, the more similar our view will be. Find out from Vlatko Vedral at New Scientist Live 2019 in London. 0000017992 00000 n
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It's so weird, brilliant minds like Einstein's couldn't accept it at face value, leading them to dismiss it as 'spooky'.
Fourth, that space emerges from this description: events cause other events, creating a network of causal relationships. Gravity is the only one of nature’s four fundamental forces not to have a quantum-mechanical description. This time the team turned their sights onto a pair of quasars – the energetic cores of distant galaxies. A pair of telescopes took a peek at the colours of each and used them to decide how to measure the polarisation of each photon in a pair that had been entangled in a separate laboratory. The history of the universe consists of events, 3. Events differ from one another in that each has a different sky, a different view of its causal past. But physicists are slowly ruling them out one by one. This time they used photons from much further away, ones that started their journey long before our own Sun set blazing. But putting some distance between the choice of measurement and the actual measurement process would make it harder for those choices to be limited by a non-spooky knock-on-effect. 0000013737 00000 n
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In reality, it explains phenomena on a vast range of scales – from elementary particles and their interactions, through atoms and molecules, all the way to neutron stars and the supernovae that spawn them.
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As well as providing the seed of a quantum picture of gravity, this immediately solves the problem of the flow of time in Einstein’s cosmos.
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These questions and others concern how our universe came to be, out of a vast number of seemingly equally probable universes allowed by the laws of physics. 0000432633 00000 n
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Creating pairs of photons and then deciding exactly what to measure in a laboratory leaves plenty of room for a classical physics equivalent of the shopkeeper to create the illusion of a mysterious correlation. 0000003375 00000 n
This endeavour starts with a few basic hypotheses about the nature of space and time. Because nothing travels faster than the speed of light, only things within an event’s sky can influence it, so the sky is also a view of its causal past. 0000018314 00000 n
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It has two different laws to describe how things and events evolve. First, that the history of the universe consists of events and the relationships between them. Proximity matters at the classical scale in a way it doesn’t at a quantum scale. Something else had to be at work. These five hypotheses define a class of models called energetic causal set models that my collaborator Marina Cortês of the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh, UK, and I introduced in 2013. The most obvious one is how to develop a quantum theory of gravity. 0000440234 00000 n
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But the current impasse in physics suggests that it is only through bold ideas that we will move forward. 0000435923 00000 n
But why do these three forces have such very different strengths within the standard model? 0000028605 00000 n
Einstein and others since have proposed that quantum wave functions describe collections, or “ensembles”, of systems defined by properties they share, but it has never been clear whether these ensembles truly exist. 0000651123 00000 n
The first applies most of the time, and describes quantum objects as wave-like entities embodied in a mathematical construction known as a wave function. The quantum descriptions of the other three fundamental forces – electromagnetism and the weak and strong nuclear forces – can be bundled together into the so-called standard model of particle physics.
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In a causally defined universe, the most basic interaction is the creation of an event when two “parent” events come together to make something new happen. Quantum theory, meanwhile, characterises time as a metronomic “beat” set somewhere outside the universe. But we can postulate a limit to the number of events any parent event can give birth to. 0000433420 00000 n
We are only at the start of this work, but by digging down into the fundamental principles that underlie reality, and weeding out what is right and what is wrong about our current ideas, we can see glimpses of a truly unifying picture of physics. The idea is that the similarity of views can play the role that distance in space does in conventional classical and relativistic physics. Ted Jacobson at the University of Maryland in the US and Thanu Padmanabhan at the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics in Pune, India, have independently shown that the sixth hypothesis, together with the first law of thermodynamics, which governs the amount of useful energy available to a process, can be used to derive the equations of general relativity, and hence gravity. In the present day, quantum dissidents include notable physicists such as Roger Penrose and the Nobel-prizewinning theorist Gerard ’t Hooft. In the quantum realm, particles seem to be in two places at once, information appears to travel faster than the speed of light, and cats can be dead and alive at the same time. 0000007755 00000 n
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According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, you can't even measure the position of an object without disturbing its momentum in an unpredictable way.Classical physics fails to account for this phenomenon, and it serves as a prime example of quantum weirdness in action. Large, complex systems with many degrees of freedom – you, me, Schrödinger’s cat – will have a unique causal past. 0000011452 00000 n
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In the 1960s, an Irish physicist named John Stewart Bell came up with a set of proofs showing either quantum mechanics is wrong – which isn't likely – or it's correct, and there are indeed no hidden laws operating behind the scenes that could explain this strangeness. It is the most successful theory of material reality we have ever had. 0000442873 00000 n
The longer you look at it, the stranger it gets. The continual, brazenly non-local interactions between simple, causally related objects widely distributed in space explain all the probabilities, uncertainties and spooky interactions of quantum physics. The reasons lie in its mysterious nature, in the phenomena it doesn’t explain and the answers it doesn’t give. This picture allows us to describe how information and energy flow through events as the universe evolves.
Einstein figured you could measure one particle and immediately know something 'real' about the other. Similarity of views only implies nearness in emergent space-time for large, complex events. 0000443343 00000 n
Last year, it was six centuries of distance, as the MIT team used the light from a nearby star to serve as a cosmic coin flip in deciding what to measure in an entanglement experiment.
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