More recently, Webb et al. Cing¨oz et al., Phys.
They tell us how strong its forces are, and what its fundamental laws can do . the Effelsberg radio telescope, a similar bound is obtained: Δμ/μ = (0.08 ± 0.47) × in the early crystallization of asteroidal cores, Smoliar et al.
They tell us how strong its forces are, and what its fundamental laws can do: the strength of gravity, of magnetism, the speed of light, and the masses of the smallest particles of matter. offsets. 19 ( 1967 ), 759 . Since a more luminous star burns more hydrogen, the depth of of scalar-tensor gravity (or its variants) consistently. depend on the laboratory wavelengths: the above value is for wavelengths derived based on comparisons of atomic clocks with ultrastable oscillators of different where λi0 is the laboratory transition wavelength and Ki = d ln λi/d ln μ is the Since distance 66) S. Blatt et al., Phys.
8) W. J. Marciano , Phys. ΔEhf = 43 mec2α4 mmpe gp 5.89 × 10−6 eV hc/(21.1 cm), where gp is the proton nearly coincide, which motivated Dirac to postulate the so-called the large number (G0 = (6.67387 ± 0.00027) × 10−11 m3kg−1s−2)114) of G are consistent with the When the large masses are removed from the set up, the dumbbell begins to oscillate
P˙b = −2 G˙ the assumptions on the constancy of other constants. 67) T. Rosenband et al., Phys. 4.1. (2.3)
Alternatively, you can download the file locally and open with any standalone PDF reader: https://academic.oup.com/ptp/article-pdf/126/6/993/9681721/126-6-993.pdf, This is a preview of a remote PDF: https://academic.oup.com/ptp/article-pdf/126/6/993/9681721/126-6-993.pdf, Chiba, Takeshi.
34) C. L. Carilli et al., Phys. The with VLT/UVES yields Δμ/μ = (0.3 ± 3.2(stat) ± 1.9(sys)) × 10−6.134)
150) N. Suzuki et al., arXiv:1105 .
been measured with a cesium atomic clock at two times separated by 2.8 years.63)
For example, an increase in G shifts the peak positions in the spectrum toward higher 3) G. Gamov , Phys.
31) J. N. Bahcall and E. E. Salpeter , Astrophys. the gravitational constant. Dirac appears to have been the first who argued for the possibility of time White dwarfs are long-lived objects (∼ 10 Gyr) and their inner cores are Oklo Natural Reactor 116 ( 1998 ), 1009. = Dec 2011. 99 ( 2007 ), 239002 . Resolution Echelle Spectrometer) absorption systems. where the subscripts 0 and i refer to the present and the initial quantities and λ¯ is the Planetary motion and G˙ density of electrons. molecular weight and thus increases the luminosity of a star and hence decreases of the ground state of the 133Cs atom”.58) A cesium atomic clock is the (fainter). and geophysical) constraints on the time variation of the constants of nature. significantly deviated from the value by Gundlach and Merkowitz: G0 = (6.67349 ± 0.00018) × A 68 ( 2003 ), 022506 . Rev. The concept of space and time in general relativity is different. obtained: G˙ /G = (2 ± 4) × 10−12 yr−1.87)
22) C. R. Gould , E. I. Sharapov and S. K. Lamoreaux , Phys. − G0 r r2 It . They noted that the which, when combined with HI 21 cm lines at z = 0.685, yields a constraint of atomic clocks57), 60), 66) as explained in §2.3. Cosmic microwave background
1.8×10−6.142) The bound is recently updated further by comparing the NH3 inversion Δα/α = (−1.09 ± 0.36) × 10−5, deviating from zero at the 3σ. Hence, to lowest order, a change in μ induces a change in ΔEi − ΔEj : constants of nature (α, G and μ) was given. 20540280 and 15740152) from the Japan Society for the homogeneity of the peak luminosity is essentially due to the homogeneity of the
the opacity.96) Increasing G is effectively the same, via the Poisson equation, as Universe should be dominated by dark energy with negative pressure (w < 0). Pb = 2π to the thickness of the last scattering surface becomes important.79), 80) The diffusion Recently, a new method for constraining G˙ is proposed using the surface Rev. Again it is consistent with a smaller α in the past. and the brightness temperature signal of CMB at 21 cm Tb is proportional to α5.85)
72) E. W. Kolb , M. J. Perry and T. P. Walker , Phys. And are there other Universes where they are different? thin fiber. review, and significant progress has been made in the experimental constraints on Very recently, torsion-vibrational frequencies of methanol (CH3OH) are found to reactor model and is found to be undercritical if the reactor is made finite. Lett . (4.2) 87 ( 1982 ), 77 . 61 ( 1988 ), 1151 . (Δt as much as 137 Gyr but Δα/α ∼ O(
Lett . those by Viking landers to Mars (from July 1976 to July 1982), a bound on G˙ is Cosmic microwave background
Lett .
Δα/α = (−3.1 ± 1.2) × 10−6 and Δμ/μ = (−6.2 ± 2.4) × 10−6.139) All four 18 cm proposed: 21 cm absorption of CMB85) and peak luminosity of type Ia supernovae 92 ( 2004 ), 121302.
see 13) and 14) for example. QUAD, BICEP, BOOMERanG and CBI and with the recent measurement of the
(5.1) The difference frequency gives finally α˙ /α = (−2.7 ± The extent of time variation of dark energy density is readily seen from the equation (3.4) Curiously, the two
of the last scattering surface. 98 ( 2007 ), 111301 .
1) and the reduced χ2 is χ2/d.o.f = 1.53.
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