The average surface temperature on the earth is 55˚ Fahrenheit, because the carbon dioxide level is so low. I would like to know the name of the theory which states that the Earth is a [68] This statement needs to be understood as referring to the "strong" and "moderate" forms of Gaia—that the biota obeys a principle that works to make Earth optimal (strength 5) or favourable for life (strength 4) or that it works as a homeostatic mechanism (strength 3). The Mediterranean Sea as being Gaia's kidney is found (here) by Kenneth J. Hsue, a correspondence author in 2001. absolute answers to questions we have about our planet. Many scientists in particular also criticised the approach taken in his popular book Gaia, a New Look at Life on Earth for being teleological—a belief that things are purposeful and aimed towards a goal. On Earth, all life is an embodiment of the planetary environment, but the planetary environment is also product of life. For example, against the charge that Gaia was teleological, Lovelock and Andrew Watson offered the Daisyworld Model (and its modifications, above) as evidence against most of these criticisms.

Its study has, however, generated many new and thought provoking questions.

Nevertheless, it is important for natural and social it's "meaning" in a modern scientific or social context must

[23] There are many mechanisms that change salinity from a particulate form to a dissolved form and back. Right now oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere, a level that must have remained constant for over 300 million years. [4] See Lovelock, The Ages of Gaia, chapter 3. [59], Aside from clarifying his language and understanding of what is meant by a life form, Lovelock himself ascribes most of the criticism to a lack of understanding of non-linear mathematics by his critics, and a linearizing form of greedy reductionism in which all events have to be immediately ascribed to specific causes before the fact. Lovelock was careful to present a version of the Gaia hypothesis that had no claim that Gaia intentionally or consciously maintained the complex balance in her environment that life needed to survive.

Reprinted from chapter 11 of Restoring the Soul of the World: Our Living Bond with Nature’s Intelligence by David Fideler. [11] These scientists include Piotr Alekseevich Kropotkin (1842–1921) (although he spent much of his professional life outside Russia), Vasil’evich Rizpolozhensky (1847–1918), Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863–1945), and Vladimir Alexandrovich Kostitzin (1886–1963). The Gaia hypothesis states that the Earth's atmospheric composition is kept at a dynamically steady state by the presence of life. and other things "functioning properly" are so intricate and orderly During the 1920s he published works arguing that living organisms could reshape the planet as surely as any physical force.

The CLAW hypothesis, inspired by the Gaia hypothesis, proposes a feedback loop that operates between ocean ecosystems and the Earth's climate. He also states that most of his critics are biologists but that his hypothesis includes experiments in fields outside biology, and that some self-regulating phenomena may not be mathematically explainable.[59]. humans continue to modify it and this balance, while being was held at University of Massachusetts Amherst, August 1–6. Lovelock started defining the idea of a self-regulating Earth controlled by the community of living organisms in September 1965, while working at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California on methods of detecting life on Mars. Some 500 people attended.[47]. [4] The American biologist had also awakened criticism from the scientific community with her advocacy of the theory on the origin of eukaryotic organelles and her contributions to the endosymbiotic theory, nowadays accepted. When the Earth was formed billions of years ago, the atmosphere was almost entirely made out of carbon dioxide, just like Mars and Venus.

In this view, the atmosphere, the seas and the terrestrial crust would be results of interventions carried out by Gaia through the coevolving diversity of living organisms. The theory you asked about is known as the "Gaia Hypothesis". Vernadsky was a Ukrainian geochemist and was one of the first scientists to recognize that the oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere result from biological processes. [57][58] With regard to causality in Gaia, Lovelock argues that no single mechanism is responsible, that the connections between the various known mechanisms may never be known, that this is accepted in other fields of biology and ecology as a matter of course, and that specific hostility is reserved for his own hypothesis for other reasons. [21] Lovelock said that the Daisyworld model "demonstrates that self-regulation of the global environment can emerge from competition amongst types of life altering their local environment in different ways".[50].

[33][better source needed] More recently Ford Doolittle building on his and Inkpen's ITSNTS (It's The Singer Not The Song) proposal [61] proposed that differential persistence can play a similar role to differential reproduction in evolution by natural selections, thereby providing a possible reconciliation between the theory of natural selection and the Gaia hypothesis [62]. If you could look long enough, you would see the swirling of the great drifts of white cloud, covering and uncovering the half-hidden masses of land.

[30] Carbon precipitation, solution and fixation are influenced by the bacteria and plant roots in soils, where they improve gaseous circulation, or in coral reefs, where calcium carbonate is deposited as a solid on the sea floor. Gaia is theorized to be a living entity that is greater than the [citation needed]. In the alchemy of Earth’s primordial oceans, the living metabolism of bacteria transmuted carbon dioxide and other elements into an expanding tapestry of life. Among many other speakers: Tyler Volk, Co-director of the Program in Earth and Environmental Science at New York University; Dr. Donald Aitken, Principal of Donald Aitken Associates; Dr. Thomas Lovejoy, President of the Heinz Center for Science, Economics and the Environment; Robert Correll, Senior Fellow, Atmospheric Policy Program, American Meteorological Society and noted environmental ethicist, J. Baird Callicott. David Landis Barnhill, Roger S. Gottlieb (eds. . The black daisies are assumed to grow and reproduce best at a lower temperature, while the white daisies are assumed to thrive best at a higher temperature.

In his defense of Gaia, David Abram argues that Gould overlooked the fact that "mechanism", itself, is a metaphor — albeit an exceedingly common and often unrecognized metaphor — one which leads us to consider natural and living systems as though they were machines organized and built from outside (rather than as autopoietic or self-organizing phenomena). How should we be searching for daisies, and should we intensify the search? Since barriers existed throughout the Twentieth Century between Russia and the rest of the world, it is only relatively recently that the early Russian scientists who introduced concepts overlapping the Gaia hypothesis have become better known to the Western scientific community. . that if it isn't a living being that controls it all, it certainly

(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), 28. Gaia theory shows that life and environment evolve as a single, coevolutionary process. Department of Geology and Geophysics Does it matter for Gaia theory whether we find daisies or not? [22], Ocean salinity has been constant at about 3.5% for a very long time. or simply a device for explaining the very complex She defined Gaia as "the series of interacting ecosystems that compose a single huge ecosystem at the Earth's surface. Oxygen only began to persist in the atmosphere in small quantities about 50 million years before the start of the Great Oxygenation Event. Lovelock called it first the Earth feedback hypothesis,[42] and it was a way to explain the fact that combinations of chemicals including oxygen and methane persist in stable concentrations in the atmosphere of the Earth. Lovelock looked at the atmospheres of Venus, the Earth, and Mars, and concluded that the presence of life on any planet would be reflected by chemical changes in the atmosphere of that planet. Strong Gaia, Kirchner claimed, was untestable and therefore not scientific. Gaian hypotheses suggest that organisms co-evolve with their environment: that is, they "influence their abiotic environment, and that environment in turn influences the biota by Darwinian process". These first blue-green bacteria removed carbon from the atmosphere, which cooled down the planet, and gave off oxygen as a waste product. Doolittle WF, Inkpen SA. [34] Later, the naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt recognized the coevolution of living organisms, climate, and Earth's crust.

The book's most memorable "slogan" was actually quipped by a student of Margulis': "Gaia is just symbiosis as seen from space". perspective and we are only one small part of the overall entity Processes and patterns of interaction as units of selection: An introduction to ITSNTS thinking. . The Gaia hypothesis was initially criticized for being teleological and against the principles of natural selection, but later refinements aligned the Gaia hypothesis with ideas from fields such as Earth system science, biogeochemistry and systems ecology. The metabolic activity of the first bacteria started to give birth to a planetary-wide physiology. (or something like it if it exists) will continue to help What are the main candidates for "daisies"? By contrast, the atmosphere of the Earth contains 21% oxygen with only a trace amount of carbon dioxide. Lovelock (1995) gave evidence of this in his second book, showing the evolution from the world of the early thermo-acido-philic and methanogenic bacteria towards the oxygen-enriched atmosphere today that supports more complex life. And if we could see this whole, as a whole, through a great period of time, we might perceive not only organs with coordinated functions, but possibly also that process of consumption as replacement which in biology we call metabolism, or growth. Like my own body composed of many individual cells, Gaia has its own metabolism. While rejecting Gaia, we can at the same time appreciate Lovelock's originality and breadth of vision, and recognise that his audacious concept has helped to stimulate many new ideas about the Earth, and to champion a holistic approach to studying it". scientists to consider this theory when they conduct research Daisyworld contains two types of daisies, white and black, that naturally live in a certain temperature range and absorb different levels of heat. Conversely, as the temperature falls, the black daisies outreproduce the white daisies, absorbing more sunlight and warming the planet. The hypothesis proposes that living organisms and inorganic material are part of a dynamical system that shapes the Earth's biosphere, and maintains the Earth as a fit environment for life.

These processes establish a global control system that regulates Earth's surface temperature, atmosphere composition and ocean salinity, powered by the global thermodynamic disequilibrium state of the Earth system. [2] James Lovelock, The Ages of Gaia (New York: W. W. Norton, 1988), 18. However, she objected to the widespread personification of Gaia and stressed that Gaia is "not an organism", but "an emergent property of interaction among organisms". many complex natural mechanisms that the earth has for regulating

Oxygen is a reactive compound, and should eventually combine with gases and minerals of the Earth's atmosphere and crust. Like the single organisms of which it is comprised, it is self-regulating and autopoietic. Later, other relationships such as sea creatures producing sulfur and iodine in approximately the same quantities as required by land creatures emerged and helped bolster the hypothesis.[43]. "running smoothly" for as many of it's "aspects" as possible (be them specific Life and its environment are so closely couple that evolution concerns Gaia, not the organisms or the environment taken separately” (19–20).

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