The concept of information makes no sense in the absence of something to be informed—that is, a conscious observer capable of choice, or free will (sorry, I can't help it, free will is an obsession). But Can You? First of all, as the physicist Rolf Landauer liked to say, all information is physical—that is, all information is embodied in physical things or processes—but that doesn't mean that all things physical are reducible to information. … John Horgan directs the Center for Science Writings at the Stevens Institute of Technology. The Integrated Information is in its infancy and lacks the graces of a full-fledged theory. Wheeler once explained this concept to me by comparing a scientist to someone playing the "surprise version" of the old game 20 Questions. But the group has decided to play a trick on the Guesser. Integrated Information Theory (IIT)—put forth by neuroscientists Giulio Tononi and Christof Koch—is a new framework that describes a way to experimentally measure the extent to which a system is conscious. His books include The End of Science, The End of War and Mind-Body Problems, available for free at mindbodyproblems.com. As such, it has the potential to answer questions that once seemed impossible, like “which is more conscious, a bat or a beetle?” Part of me would love to believe that consciousness is not an accidental by-product of the physical realm but is in some sense the primary purpose of reality.
Wheeler proposed that physics be recast in terms of information theory, an idea that he summarized in a koan-like phrase: "the it from bit." Don't tell the creationists, but scientists don't have a clue how life began, Japan earthquake demonstrates the limitsand powerof science, The Problem with Protesting Violence with Violence, Exposing the World's Biggest Carbon Emitters. along with the capacity to exhibit intentional behaviors. Gleick's book is, among other things, an in-depth biography of information theory, which the Bell Labs mathematician Claude Shannon invented in 1948 to provide a framework for improving the efficiency of communications.
Integrated information theory ( IIT) attempts to explain what consciousness is and why it might be associated with certain physical systems. Two theories of human consciousness are about to be tested in a historic contest. 17 minutes ago — Benjamin Storrow and E&E News, 3 hours ago — Peter J. Hotez | Opinion, 4 hours ago — Steven W. Thrasher | Opinion. Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. In the 1980s, Wheeler started pointing out deep resonances between quantum mechanics and information theory. Why Is Science Growing Comfortable with Panpsychism (“Everything Is Conscious”)? Matter can clearly exist without mind, but where do we see mind existing without matter? Subscribers get more award-winning coverage of advances in science & technology. The idea that mind is as fundamental as matter—which Wheeler's "participatory universe" notion implies--also flies in the face of everyday experience. That’s thanks to the growing popularity of neuroscientist Giulio Tonioni’s Integrated Information Theory (IIT), which offers the opportunity for mathematical modeling, along with the implication that inanimate matter and/or the universe may be conscious.
Integrated Information Theory Integrated information theory (IIT) is a theoretical framework for understanding consciousness developed by Dr. Giulio Tononi and collaborators at the Wisconsin Institute for Sleep and Consciousness at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Consciousness is a slippery concept but the two prominent theories make different predictions as to which part of the brain will become active when a person becomes aware of an image; thus they can be tested by neuroscientists.
Without us to ponder it, the universe makes no sense; worse, it's boring. “The theory provide… The first person to be queried will only think of something after the Guesser asks his question. In a paper that he delivered at the Santa Fe Institute in 1989, he postulated that "every it--every particle, every field of force, even the spacetime continuum itself--derives its function, its meaning, its very existence entirely--even if in some contexts indirectly--from the apparatus-elicited answers to yes-or-no questions, binary choices, bits.".
Information theory, similarly, posits that all messages can be reduced to a sequence of "binary units," or bits, which are answers to yes or no questions. In this variant, the Guesser leaves the room while the rest of the group--or so the excluded person thinks--agrees on some person, place or thing. This notion has inspired other recent books, including Programming the Universe by Seth Lloyd (Vintage 2007), Decoding the Universe by Charles Seife (Penguin 2007), Decoding Reality by Vlatko Vedral (Oxford 2010) and Information and the Nature of Reality, a collection of essays edited by Paul Davies (Cambridge 2010).
This fact may seem crushingly obvious, but it seems to be overlooked by many information enthusiasts. For many years, he wrote the immensely popular blog Cross Check for Scientific American. Through articles and podcasts, it explores issues, challenges, and controversies relating to human and artificial intelligence from a perspective that values the unique capabilities of human beings.
That’s thanks to the growing popularity of neuroscientist Giulio Tonioni’s Integrated Information Theory (IIT), which offers the opportunity for mathematical modeling, along with the implication that inanimate matter and/or the universe may be conscious. Did the big bang bang if there was no one there to hear it? Templeton World Charity Foundation (TWCF), Quest for Consciousness: A Historic Contest Is Announced, Apocalypticism, Dystopia, and the Singularity, Applied Intelligence, Problem Solving, and Innovation, Bingecast: Selmer Bringsjord on the Lovelace Test. IIT takes certain features of consciousness to be unavoidably true. Circuit Patterns, Part I: Understanding Circuit Schematics, Center for Natural and Artificial Intelligence, Walter Bradley Center for Natural and Artificial Intelligence.
As far as we know, information—embodied in things like poetry, hiphop music and cell-phone images from Libya--only exists here on Earth and nowhere else in the universe. A recent article at New Scientist treats panpsychism as a serious idea in science. Circuit Patterns, Part 2: Voltage Dividers, The Social Dilemma: You’re Not the Customer, You’re the Product. Information theory, similarly, posits that all messages can be reduced to a sequence of "binary units," or bits, which are answers to yes or no questions.
Consequently, the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. This seductive idea animates the brand-new book The Information by James Gleick (Pantheon 2011), which I just rave-reviewed in The Wall Street Journal. Integrated Information Theory (IIT) of consciousness and rival Global Workspace Theory (GWT) have sharply different implications for consciousness in machines. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and are not necessarily those of Scientific American. An electron, Wheeler pointed out, behaves like a particle or a wave depending on how we interrogate it. "The word wasn't in the room when I came in even though I thought it was," Wheeler noted. The Guesser then re-enters the room and tries to guess the group's secret with a series of questions that can only be answered with a yes or a no. Why Do Many Scientists See Cells as Intelligent? Shoot a man through the heart, and his mind vanishes while his matter persists.
Is everything information? If all the humans in the world vanished tomorrow, all the information would vanish, too.
Rather than beginning with the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) and attempting to explain what about these sustains consciousness, IIT begins with its characterization of experience itself, determines the physical properties necessary for realizing these characteristics, and only then puts forward a theoretical explanation of consciousness, as identical to a special case of information instantiated by those physical properties. Lacking minds to surprise and change, books and televisions and computers would be as dumb as stumps and stones. Discover world-changing science. If IIT continues to gain a sympathetic hearing, panpsychism could become, over time, a part of normal science. Each subsequent person will do the same, making sure that his or her response is consistent with all previous questions. But the hard-headed part of me sees ideas like the "it from bit" as the kind of fuzzy-headed, narcissistic mysticism that science is supposed to help us overcome. Given any such system, the theory predicts whether that system is conscious, to what degree it is conscious, and what particular experience it is having (see Central identity ). A growing number of scientists, Gleick writes, are beginning to wonder whether information "may be primary: more fundamental than matter itself."
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