[2][3], While mainstream theories assert that consciousness emerges as the complexity of the computations performed by cerebral neurons increases,[4][5] Orch OR posits that consciousness is based on non-computable quantum processing performed by qubits formed collectively on cellular microtubules, a process significantly amplified in the neurons.

[22][41], The Orch-OR theory has been criticized by scientists who considered it to be a poor model of brain physiology. This relates to Penrose's ideas concerning the three worlds: the physical, the mental, and the Platonic mathematical world. If collapse is truly random, then no process or algorithm can deterministically predict its outcome. Objects somewhere between these two scales could collapse on a timescale relevant to neural processing. In addition to providing structural support, microtubule functions include axoplasmic transport and control of the cell's movement, growth and shape.[31]. Penrose sought to reconcile general relativity and quantum theory using his own ideas about the possible structure of spacetime. − ... ...losers; nothing else. By logical reduction; the Condition and Dynamics of Actual Infinity and Actual Ca... ...ammals. In contrast to some other interpretations, such as the Copenhagen interpretation, the evolution of reality as a whole in MWI is rigidly deterministic.

This involved superpositions of quanta separated by 24 nm rather than the much smaller separations stipulated for Orch-OR. The tubulin protein dimers of the microtubules have hydrophobic pockets that may contain delocalized π electrons. [34] He then proposed a Frohlich condensate, a hypothetical coherent oscillation of dipolar molecules.

507-540 (1996) Stuart Hameroff and Roger Penrose When a quantum system interacts with a classical system—i.e. Roger Penrose. Penrose postulates that each separated quantum superposition has its own piece of spacetime curvature, a blister in spacetime. The mechanism is held to be a quantum physics process called objective reduction which is orchestrated by molecular structures called microtubules. Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics Public Lectures, May 12, 1999. However, he disliked the random nature of environmentally induced collapse, as randomness was not a promising basis for mathematical understanding. However objects somewhere between these two scales could collapse on a timescale relevant to neural processing. However, this too has been criticized by Reimers et al. 35 showed that all in vivo microtubules have a 'B' lattice and a seam. Hameroff & Penrose on the first issue responded that they were referring to the behaviour of two or more electron clouds, inherently non-localised. If collapse is truly random, then there is no process or algorithm that can deterministically predict its outcome. 10 The mechanism is held to be a quantum process called Altogether, it proposes that when condensates in the brain undergo an objective reduction of their wave function, their collapse connects non-computational decision making to experiences embedded in the fundamental geometry of spacetime. m [8]. [32]. Quantum cognition is an emerging field which applies the mathematical formalism of quantum theory to model cognitive phenomena such as information processing by the human brain, language, decision making, human memory, concepts and conceptual reasoning, human judgment, and perception. It was originally proposed by the physicist Roger Penrose in his 2004 book The Road to Reality specifically to prove whether unconventional decoherence processes such as gravitationally induced decoherence or spontaneous wave-function collapse of a quantum system occur. [61] In vitro research with primary neuronal cultures shows evidence for electrotonic (gap junction) coupling between immature neurons and astrocytes obtained from rat embryos extracted prematurely through Cesarean section,[62] however, the Orch-OR claim is that mature neurons are electrotonically coupled to astrocytes in the adult brain. Rather, states are selected by a "non-computable" influence embedded in the Planck scale of spacetime geometry. The Penrose interpretation is a speculation by Roger Penrose about the relationship between quantum mechanics and general relativity. The Penrose–Lucas argument states that, because humans are capable of knowing the truth of Gödel-unprovable statements, human thought is necessarily non-computable. Orchestrated Objective Reduction of Quantum Coherence in Brain Microtubules: The "Orch OR" Model for Consciousness Stuart Hameroff & Roger Penrose, In: Toward a Science of Consciousness - The First Tucson Discussions and Debates, eds. The Penrose–Hameroff "Orch OR" model of consciousness", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, "Atomic water channel controlling remarkable properties of a single brain microtubule: correlating single protein to its supramolecular assembly", "Discovery of quantum vibrations in microtubules inside brain neurons corroborates controversial 20-year-old theory of consciousness", "Penrose, Hameroff & Bandyopadhyay, Lecture: Microtubules and the great debate about consciousness (Lezing: Microtubuli & het grote debat over het bewustzijn)", "Discovery of quantum vibrations in 'microtubules' inside brain neurons supports controversial theory of consciousness", "Penrose-Hameroff orchestrated objective-reduction proposal for human consciousness is not biologically feasible", "Falsifications of Hameroff–Penrose Orch OR model of consciousness and novel avenues for development of quantum mind theory", "Long-lived quantum coherence in photosynthetic complexes at physiological temperature", "Direct visualization of the microtubule lattice seam both in vitro and in vivo", "Gap-junctional coupling between neurons and astrocytes in primary central nervous system cultures", "The dendritic lamellar body: A new neuronal organelle putatively associated with dendrodentritic gap junctions", "Quantum aspects of brain activity and the role of consciousness", "Quantum processes in the brain: A scientific basis of consciousness", Center for Consciousness Studies homepage. [33] During entanglement, particle states become inseparably correlated. [31] [32] Throughout the 1990s, the two collaborated on the Orch-OR theory, which Penrose published in Shadows of the Mind (1994). [20], Hameroff's contribution to the theory derived from his study of the neural cytoskeleton, and particularly on microtubules. and Scott, A.C., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. Penrose suggests that gravity exerts a force on these spacetime blisters, which become unstable above the Planck scale of [66], Other biology-based criticisms have been offered. You could also do it yourself at any point in time. Non-stationary wave functions are linear combinations of the eigenstates of the system, a phenomenon described by the superposition principle.

as follows: "junctional communication may provide metabolic and electrotonic interconnections between neuronal and astrocytic networks at early stages of neural development and such interactions are weakened as differentiation progresses." [19] He takes this disparity to mean that human mathematicians are not describable as formal proof systems, and are therefore running a non-computable algorithm. Are you certain this article is inappropriate? The field clearly distinguishes itself from the quantum mind as it is not reliant on the hypothesis that there is something micro-physical quantum mechanical about the brain. [18][34][54] Earlier versions of the theory had required tubulin-electrons to form either Bose–Einsteins or Frohlich condensates, and the Reimers group claimed that these they were experimentally unfounded.

[15] [16] Koch and Hepp concluded that ``The empirical demonstration of slowly decoherent and controllable quantum bits in neurons connected by electrical or chemical synapses, or the discovery of an efficient quantum algorithm for computations performed by the brain, would do much to bring these speculations from the ‘far-out’ to the mere ‘very unlikely’.'' For the second argument they responded that no GTP conversion is needed since in the latest version of the theory the conformation-switching is not necessary, and has been replaced by oscillation due to the London forces produced by the electron cloud dipole states. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube.

But the audiences does not want... ...s and then collapse them: deriving trillions in profit from both sides of the orchestrated boom & bust cycles which they manipulate at their whim.

Hameroff reasoned that such condensate behavior would magnify nanoscopic quantum effects to have large scale influences in the brain. Thus, Searle's counter-example does not describe a computational algorithm that is not mathematically describable. Landau at the Mathematics Department of King's College London writes that "Penrose's argument, its basis and implications, is rejected by experts in the fields which it touches. Theory of a quantum origin of consciousness, ✪ Sir Roger Penrose — The quantum nature of consciousness. The Orch-OR theory combines the Penrose–Lucas argument with Hameroff's hypothesis on quantum processing in microtubules. ✪ TEDx Brussels 2010 - Stuart Hameroff - Do we have a quantum Soul? [15][16] Koch and Hepp concluded that ``The empirical demonstration of slowly decoherent and controllable quantum bits in neurons connected by electrical or chemical synapses, or the discovery of an efficient quantum algorithm for computations performed by the brain, would do much to bring these speculations from the ‘far-out’ to the mere ‘very unlikely’.''[15]. The model microtubule on which they base their Hamiltonian is not a microtubule structure, but a simple linear chain of oscillators." Because they did it too quickly, too honestly.

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