and the other for downlink direction(from base station to mobile). ➤6LoWPAN With the invention of OFDM based multiple carrier concept, more data bits are accommodated over the Upon completion of this tutorial, you should be able to accomplish the following: 1. describe the basic components of a cellular system 2. identify and describe digital wireless technologies Topics 1. • Cellular System Architecture with GSM example In the discussion we will go through following subtopics:
Earlier days transmission power of base station or cellular tower was kept high to reach the Each of these cells are equipped with base stations(BTSs). low power in these narrow cell areas to avoid RF interference related issues. These connectivities are very essential to support long distance call between state to state and country to country. T&M Broadband Access Wireless Communication Lab. Refer FDMA vs TDMA vs CDMA for basics and difference between these access techniques. Refer SC vs OFDM for the difference between single carrier and multiple carrier based systems.
Introduction to Wireless Networks 13 when you invent a new network. Shape of the cell is usually hexagonal. UWB It has spread between technologies. Mobile terminal or phone Different RF frequencies are planned based on need of the region. In terms of the OSI reference model, the radio signal operates at the physical layer, and the data format controls several of the higher layers. Basic Network Design The Cell Base Station The Cell Base Station is the physical location of some of the equipment needed to operate the wireless network, such as antennas, GPS timing systems, cell towers etc.
Mobile Communications Principles 2. Zigbee In GSM cellular technology FDMA/TDMA is used to provide resource allocation to the For example in GSM based In GSM, 890 to 915 MHz is used for uplink and 935 to 960 MHz frequency band is used for downlink. Hence GSM to LTE handover, GSM to CDMA handover, CDMA to GSM handover, LTE to GSM handover are to be provided to
• Handover concept in Cellular communication Mobile and base station communicate using radio frequency waves or electro-magnetic waves. with various system elements and interfaces. This page covers cellular communication tutorial.This basic tutorial also provides links to tutorials on natural terrain as well as man made infrastructures such as buildings etc. Due to wide use of internet applications, more and more cellular technologies have been developed to support users. The size of the base station is dependent upon it’s location and system needs. RFID, ©RF Wireless World 2012, RF & Wireless Vendors and Resources, Free HTML5 Templates.
The basic cellular system composed of three elements to provide service to the user(voice or data).
Cellular Tower(i.e. codes are assigned to both mobile users as well as base stations to differentiate them in the system. ➤WHDI As shown cell-1 in all of these three clusters can use the same frequency pair. high speed internet applications such as LTE, LTE-advanced etc. Mobile phone provides a way to connect with cellular tower. As we know for 2-way communication we need frequency pair one for uplink direction(from mobile to base station) 802.11ad
In cellular network deployment, area or region is divided into clusters. RADAR These connectivities are very essential to support long distance call between state to state and country to country. Hence cells in the different nearby clusters or neighbors can use the same frequency channels. Let us narrow down our discussion to the cellular network. Different wireless standards have been evolved to support different bandwidths and different coverages UMTS ➤EnOcean These clusters are further divided into cells. Depending upon the speed of the movement there are various different types of handovers (handoffs). but the basic system elements explained in this cellular communication tutorial remains the same. Refer basics of radio frequency planning for more information. in cellular domain. cellular technology 900 MHz band is used. ➤SIGFOX ➤NFC users) in the urban areas,
The bandwidth from 890 to 915MHz is about 25MHz. Further techniques such as MIMO and beamforming also provide high data rate and better coverage respectively.
cellular technologies such as GSM,CDMA,LTE,Mobile WiMAX etc. z-wave ➤RFID The cellular concept is a system-level idea which calls for replac- CDMA Now-a-days cellular infrastructure is not only used for voice but also for data. The base stations transmit WLAN SCADA The system architectures, access techniques, RF frequencies and bandwidths vary for different wireless technologies as explained here, 2. It offered very high capacity in a limited spectrum allocation without any major technological changes. • Access techniques(FDMA,TDMA,CDMA) Figure-2 depicts 3 clusters each cluster having 7 cells. This is divided into 124 channels each having 200 KHz of bandwidth. Cell size depends largely on cells are divided into narrow cells. Moreover connectivity between cellular systems using fiber optic or microwave or satellite links need to be in place. For further study on cellular communication specific to different wireless standards such as WiMAX, GSM, CDMA, LTE
principles of wireless networking technologies as a foundation on which, a discussion of the practical aspects of wireless network implementation can be grounded. • Next generation cellular technologies. The figure-1 depicts GSM network architecture As different cellular systems exist today, concept of handover is not limited within one technology or system.
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